Explainer

The UK Covid-19 Inquiry

What is the UK Covid-19 inquiry? What powers does it have? How long will the Covid Inquiry last and how much will it cost?

12 JUN 2023 , Last updated on 16 APR 2026

Beatrice Barr Emma Norris Dr Rebecca McKee

The National Covid Memorial Wall. On the wall are red and pink hearts to commemorate the victims of the Covid-19 pandemic. — Like other public inquiries, the inquiry will listen to the accounts of victims and their families, as well as seek to establish facts, find fault, and learn lessons.

What is the Covid-19 Inquiry?

The Covid-19 Inquiry is a public inquiry established in May 2021 by the then prime minister Boris Johnson to examine ‘the UK’s response to and impact of the Covid-19 pandemic.’ It is being held under the terms of the Inquiries Act 2005.

What powers does the Covid-19 Inquiry have?

As a statutory inquiry, under the powers of the Inquiries Act 2005, the inquiry chair has the power to compel documents and call witnesses to give evidence under oath ³⁵ https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/12/contents .

Who is running the inquiry?

Baroness Heather Hallett, a retired judge and crossbench peer, was announced as the inquiry chair in December 2021. She previously led the inquest into the deaths of the victims of the 7/7 bombings.

She is supported by a team of lawyers and seconded civil servants, led by the inquiry counsel, solicitor and secretary.

What is the purpose of the Covid-19 Inquiry?

Like other public inquiries, the inquiry will listen to the accounts of victims and their families, as well as seek to establish facts, find fault, and learn lessons.

In his speech announcing the inquiry in May 2021, Boris Johnson said it would seek to scrutinise and learn lessons from “all key aspects of the UK response” to the pandemic. ³⁶ https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-house-of-commons-statement-on-covid-12-may-2021

The inquiry’s terms of reference, published in June 2022, set out a series of aims including:

Examining the public health response to the pandemic;
Examining the response of the health and care sector to the pandemic;
Examining the economic response to the pandemic, including government interventions;
Learning lessons from the above. ³⁷ https://covid19.public-inquiry.uk/documents/terms-of-reference/

The inquiry undertook an extensive listening exercise, Every Story Matters, which gathered stories from members of the public of their experiences of the pandemic. The listening exercise launched in June 2023 and closed in May 2025 ³⁸ https://covid19.public-inquiry.uk/every-story-matters/ . It gathered over 58,000 testimonies which have been recorded and submitted as formal evidence for the inquiry.

How is the inquiry structured?

The Inquiry is divided into a series of modules looking at different aspects of the Covid pandemic. Ten modules have been announced, covering:

Resilience and preparedness (completed)
Core UK decision-making and political governance

A. Scotland

B. Wales

C. Northern Ireland

3. The impact of the pandemic on the healthcare systems in the 4 nations of the UK

4. Vaccines and therapeutics

5. Procurement

6. Care sector

7. Test, Trace and Isolate

8. Children and young people

9. Economic response

10. Impact on society

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People hold up the Infected Blood Inquiry report outside Central Hall in Westminster, London, after it's publication.

Hearings for different modules of the inquiry were run in sequence and have all now concluded. ⁵⁰ https://covid19.public-inquiry.uk/public-hearings/

Groups or individuals with interest or expertise in, or with experience of, the inquiry’s subject matter were able to apply for Core Participant status. Core Participants have the right to access evidence, make opening and closing statements, suggest lines of questioning, and apply to ask questions during witness testimony. Core Participants for Module 1 included the victims group Covid-19 Bereaved Families for Justice and several Westminster and devolved government departments. ⁵¹ https://covid19.public-inquiry.uk/modules/resilience-and-preparedness/

Not all witnesses have Core Participant status. The inquiry has heard witness testimony from those with a variety of different experiences of the pandemic, including politicians, scientific experts, and victims’ groups. The inquiry has heard from former prime ministers David Cameron and Boris Johnson as well as former chancellor George Osborne and former secretary of state for health Matt Hancock. The inquiry also held roundtables for Module 10 as well as public hearings. ⁵² https://covid19.public-inquiry.uk/modules/impact-on-society-module-10/

What is the timetable for the inquiry?

The inquiry formally commenced on 28 June 2022, with the publication of its terms of reference. ⁵³ https://covid19.public-inquiry.uk/documents/terms-of-reference/ A key aim of the inquiry, published in its terms of reference, is to “produce its reports… and any recommendations in a timely manner.” However, the terms of reference of the inquiry are broad which means the inquiry has a lot of ground to cover across all 10 Modules.

Preliminary hearings began in October 2022, full public hearings began on 13 June 2023 and all public hearings were completed by March 2026. Instead of one final report, the inquiry is publishing interim reports for each module in turn: the reports for Modules 1,2,3 and 4 have been published as of April 2026. The inquiry will continue to published further interim reports throughout 2026 and into the first half of 2027 when it is expected to end.

The government will respond to each of these modules and has published its response so far to Modules 1 and 2. ⁵⁴ https://covid19.public-inquiry.uk/modules/resilience-and-preparedness/ ⁵⁵ https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-government-response-to-the-covid-19-inquiry-module-2-report/uk-government-response-to-the-covid-19-inqu…

Will the inquiry cover the whole of the UK?

The inquiry will consider the Covid response across the UK, including reserved and devolved matters. However, it will “seek to minimise duplication” of investigations being carried out by devolved governments. Module 2 had specific sub modules that related to decision making in the devolved nations. Module 3 explicitly looked at the ‘impact of Covid-19 pandemic on healthcare systems in the 4 nations of the UK’.

The Scottish government has established its own Covid inquiry to “investigate aspects of the devolved strategic response to the pandemic.” The inquiry was officially established in February 2022 and is still ongoing. ⁵⁶ https://www.covid19inquiry.scot/  Under the terms of the Inquiries Act 2005, the Scottish Covid-19 Inquiry may not “determine any fact or make any recommendation that is not wholly or primarily concerned with a Scottish matter.” ⁵⁷ https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/12/section/28

What challenges has the inquiry faced?

The inquiry has faced challenges in its attempts to gain access to WhatsApp and diary records held by Boris Johnson and the Cabinet Office, which the government argues it can only provide in redacted form. During the preliminary hearing for Module 1 held on 6 June, the chair named the Foreign Office as a second department which had failed to comply with requests for unredacted messages. She also said some deadlines for government witness statements had been missed.

On 1 June 2023, the Cabinet Office launched a judicial review objecting to Baroness Hallett’s request for unredacted records. The government lost this however evidence sessions later that year with key government ministers and officials revealed that many WhatsApp messages had been lost or deleted.

How much will the inquiry cost?

Inquiries can run up enormous bills. According to IfG research, the UK and devolved nations spent at least £630m on public inquiries between 1990 and 2017.

As of 31 December 2025 the cumulative inquiry costs had reached £203.9m. ⁵⁸ https://covid19.public-inquiry.uk/documents/uk-covid-19-inquiry-financial-report-for-quarter-3-2025-26/ Its costs has surpassed those of the most expensive inquiry ever, the Saville Inquiry into Bloody Sunday, which cost almost £200m. Over half of the costs have been spent on legal costs to the counsel and solicitors (£101.7m). Every Story Matters, the public listening exercise has cost £14.7m. The government has also reported that Inquiry Response Units across government had spent over £11m on legal costs, to December 2025. ⁵⁹ https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-covid-19-inquiry-response-costs-for-quarter-2-2526/uk-covid-19-inquiry-response-costs-for-quarter-2-2526

How does the inquiry compare to international Covid inquiries?

Some Covid inquiries have already reported; the Swedish and Australian inquiries have already published their final reports. The Dutch equivalent, run by the Dutch Safety Board, was split into three parts published its final report in October 2023. The Dutch Parliament is now running its own inquiry looking specifically at how public health interests were balance with other societal interests during the pandemic and is expected to complete in December 2026 ⁶⁰ https://www.houseofrepresentatives.nl/members_of_parliament/committees/pec .