Catherine Haddon
Programme Director
Cath's recent work
All work
Permanent secretaries
This explainer looks at the role of permanent secretaries, the most senior civil servants.
Law officers
There are three UK government law officers: the attorney general, the solicitor general and the advocate general.
Government reshuffles
A reshuffle is when government ministers are moved between posts.
Special adviser appointments and the constitution
The constitutional rules around politically appointed advisers and impartial civil servants is now based on legislation and codes of conduct.
Senior diplomatic appointments
How are the UK's ambassadors and high commissioners appointed – and removed?
COBR (COBRA)
COBR’s purpose is high-level co-ordination and decision making in the event of major or catastrophic emergencies.
Special advisers
Special advisers (spads) are political appointees hired to support ministers.
The US-UK special relationship
Where does the term 'special relationship' come from and what does it mean?
Cabinet secretary
The cabinet secretary is the most senior civil service adviser to the prime minister and cabinet.
General election 2024: New ministers appointed to Keir Starmer's government
The IfG team analysed the appointments Keir Starmer made after Labour won the 2024 general election.